Aboriginal Astronomy

By Paul Curnow

I recently spent some time enjoying the scenery of the Flinders Ranges. I always find the night skies of this region absolutely stunning! Unfortunately, on this trip, it was close to full moon, so it wasn't at its best for a stargazer like me. On the way home I spent a night in Orroroo in the state's mid-north. I had two reasons for this, the first was my grandfather was born in Black Rock, which is located close to Orroroo – the second was to look at some of the general history of the area.

Before Europeans began to settle in the Orroroo district, it was once home to the Ngadjuri Aboriginal People. The Ngadjuri People have a rich history of art, astronomy and storytelling, in addition to other cultural beliefs and practices, and some of their artworks in the form of petroglyphs (carvings in rock) can easily be found in the town along the Pekina Creek. It is generally accepted that the name "Orroroo" has been derived from the Aboriginal word 'oorama', which means "rendezvous of the magpie", however others believe it to mean "early start."

Evidence suggests that in the past the Ngadjuri People once lived in larger populations around the mid-north when it was much wetter. For example, 18,000 years ago South Australia was still in the grips of an ice age and evidence suggests that the region would have been far less arid than today with a more plentiful supply of fresh drinking water.

Little has been recorded or passed down about the Dreaming and in particular the stellar beliefs of the Ngadjuri People; however, a number of snippets of how they viewed the nightly dance of stars above have survived. Additionally, there is some crossover in the ways the skies were seen between bordering groups such as the Kaurna on the Adelaide Plains to the south and the Adnyamathanha in the Flinders Ranges to the north.

For example, the Ngadjuri People see the Southern Cross as the claw of the majestic Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila Audax. Eagles and other Australian Birds feature strongly in many stories told by Indigenous Australians and the Ngadjuri call the Southern Cross Wildu. This belief corresponds with the Adnyamathanha view of this part of the sky, which they call Wildu mandawi. Furthermore, the Lutheran missionaries Clamor Schürmann and Christian Teichelmann who arrived in the Adelaide colony in 1838 had recorded that the Kaurna People also have an eagle in the sky, which Schürmann and Teichelmann spelt as Wilto.

According to Ngadjuri Elder Barney Warrior (1873-1948), in the Dreaming of the Ngadjuri People there was once a camp in the Orroroo district when it was believed that animals were human beings. Wildu the eagle had been out hunting with the crow one day. When they returned from their hunt Wildu had not given the crow a fair share of the food they had collected, so the crow became angry and set a trap so that the eagle would injure his foot by stepping on a sharpened kangaroo bone. The eagle had tried to pursue the crow but never caught up with him. The word for crow is wakala and it is conceivable based on other Aboriginal names around Australia that this may have been the star Canopus in the constellation of Carina. For example, the Boorong name War, and the Boandik Wa, or Wah, all apply to Canopus.

In addition, the nightly motion of the stars and moon were used as a calendar to monitor the seasons. This was vital to survival in Aboriginal society to assure that they would know which bush foods were available throughout the year, based on the seasonal changes of constellations in the sky. The Ngadjuri People know the moon as Bera and the sun is known as Jandu or Djendu.

With the exception of modern Ngadjuri descendants living in the district, there are few reminders of the people who once lived in this area. However, take a walk down to Pekina Creek and journey back in time to see the 'petroglyphs' left by the earlier inhabitants of the region. These were first recorded by a non-indigenous person in 1959, a Mr H. E. Burrows from the South Australian Museum. The style of art found in Pekina Creek is referred to as 'Panaramitee style' and it is found in many regions around the mid-north of the state. This style of art often includes circles, animal tracks and straight lines. In addition, engraving sites like the one down at Pekina Creek in Orroroo represent a way of passing on knowledge, a way of teaching people where to find water, the food sources in the locality and sometimes relates to the Dreaming stories of the people.

Amery, Rob, 2000, Warrabarna Kaurna: Reclaiming an Australian Language, Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Netherlands.
Clarke, Philip, 1990, Adelaide Aboriginal Cosmology, Journal of the Anthropological Society of South Australia, Adelaide.
Curnow, Paul, 2007, Ngadjuri Skies, The Bulletin (May) of the Astronomical Society of South Australia, Adelaide.
Knight, Fran, 2007, (personal communication).
Pring, Adele, Warrior, Fred, Knight, Fran, & Anderson, Sue, 2005, Ngadjuri: Aboriginal People of the Mid North Region of South Australia, SASOSE Council Inc.
Pring, Adele, 2002, Astronomy and Australian Indigenous People (draft), DETE, Adelaide.
Ridpath, Ian, & Tirion, Will, 2000, Collins Guide to the Stars and Planets 3rd Edition, Collins, London.

Eagle Dreaming

By Paul Curnow

I remember when I was in my teens, now unfortunately a long time ago; making regular trips with my family down to a town named Elliston, a small seaside town located along the shores of Waterloo Bay on the west coast of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. As we got nearer to the town, I was always amazed by the amount of Wedge-tailed Eagles (Aquila audax) that I would see along the way. They would soar high above us and then often swoop down on prey, or road kill. One could not help but be impressed with the size and incredible power of these raptors of the skies.

A couple of years ago, I had the opportunity to get quite close to some of these birds on Kangaroo Island. These magnificent creatures have a stare like no other, and I couldn't help but think that I was glad I was not one of their prey animals. Their claws alone would be enough to easily puncture and rip through the flesh of most creatures. These sky raptors have a wingspan of up to 2.27 metres and a length up to 1.04 metres; therefore, they're not the kind of bird you want to annoy.

It is for these reasons that this bird of prey likely features so prominently in The Dreaming of Aboriginal Australians. As an astronomer, I have an interest in what would probably be considered one of the more esoteric fields of astronomy, 'ethnoastronomy', which is generally speaking the study of non-western astronomy, focussing on the world's indigenous perceptions and understandings of the night sky. Although, all indigenous astronomy is of interest to me, over the years I have come to specialise somewhat in how Aboriginal Australians see the night sky.

To be found within The Dreaming there are many stories throughout the diversity of Aboriginal groups which speak of eagles. For example, the Kaurna People of the Adelaide Plains have an eagle constellation known as Wilto. The Southern Cross represents the foot of this stellar raptor which can be easily seen from the southern hemisphere. Like the Kaurna, the Ngadjuri, Nukunu and Adnyamathanha Peoples, who live to the north of Adelaide, also see the cross as the foot of the eagle. In fact the Adnyamathanha, who come from the Flinders Ranges, often refer to it as Wildu mandawi, and it is viewed as the place where deceased spirits travel up into the heavens. Further- more, Wildu the spirit eagle features prominently in The Dreaming of the Ngadjuri, Nukunu and Adnyamathanha Peoples of South Australia.

The Boorong People, who once occupied the mallee country in small numbers around Lake Tyrrell in north-western Victoria, also saw two Wedge-tailed Eagles in the sky. The first and brightest is represented by the bright star Sirius located in the constellation of Canis Major which they called Warepil. The second is the star Rigel in Orion which the Boorong called Collowgulloric Warepil. At night these two celestial eagles soar high into our skies and Warepil is considered to be one of the spirit elders known as the Nurrumbunguttias, the first beings to inhabit the Earth. Moreover, located at a distance of 8.6 light years Sirius (Alpha Canis Majoris) is the brightest star in the sky with an apparent magnitude of -1.44. Almost all early cultures have attached importance to this sparkling stellar beacon. Additionally, Collowgulloric Warepil, better known to us as the blue-white supergiant star Rigel (Beta Orionis), sits at a distance of some 773 light years.

The Wongaibon People from the Cobar region of New South Wales see the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius as an eagle. This star, the red supergiant Antares, is known as Gwarmbilla. On each side he is accompanied by his two wives the stars Alniyat and Tau Scorpii. One wife is a Mallee Hen and the other is a Whip Snake. Gwarmbilla's wives had fallen in love with another man named Gulabirra. One day when Gwarmbilla was out hunting the wives set a trap for him. They dug a hole, placed sharpened bones in it and filled it with their blood. They covered it with sticks which gave it the appearance of a Bandicoot’s nest and when Gwarmbilla swept down to grab it his feet were impaled. However, his mother pulled him to safety and placed him into the heavens with his wives either side, so they would never be tempted to stray again.

Antares (Alpha Scorpii) is an incredibly large star. It is a red supergiant star located approximately 604 light years away. Antares is 57,500 times more luminous than the Sun. It has 12 1⁄2 times the mass of our Sun, and has a surface temperature of around 4,290 Kelvin. Furthermore, in ancient Persia, Antares was recognized as Satevis, one of the four 'royal stars', and its modern day name means 'the rival of Mars'.

The Kulin People, who come from the region around the city of Melbourne, and the Wotjobaluk People of western Victoria have a creator being named Bunjil the eagle. Bunjil is represented in the sky by the star Altair (Alpha Aquilae) in the constellation Aquila. There are no prizes for guessing that Aquila is another eagle in the sky, but one of the classical 88-constellations as used by astronomers today. Bunjil has two wives in the form of black swans that sit either side of him represented by the stars Tarazed (Gamma Aquilae) and Alshain (Beta Aquilae).

It is interesting to note that the Wardaman People of the Northern Territory also see Altair as an eagle named Bulyan. According to Wardaman elder Bill Yidumduma Harney, Bulyan is the eagle who watches over the area of Corona Australis; a ceremonial region in the sky. Bulyan as a 'watchman' has to make sure that people are kept out of special ceremonial areas, and away from rituals they are not permitted to attend. Furthermore, men who have Bulyan as their totemic ancestor are traditionally seen as security men who make sure that the correct traditions are being adhered to.

In conclusion, eagles have been admired by many ancient and contemporary cultures. The Roman legion used an 'aquila' as its standard, which was carried by a legionary known as an 'Aquilifer' (aquila-bearer). In classical mythology the constellation Aquila was the companion of the god Jupiter (in Greek Zeus) and carried his thunderbolts. And to many Native Americans a mythical eagle was responsible for creating thunder and lightning by beating its wings.

References:

Cairns, Hugh, & Harney, Bill Yidumduma, 2003, Dark Sparklers, H.C. Cairns (Publisher), N.S.W.
Curnow, Paul, 2011, Aboriginal Skies, Australasian Science, pp 22-25
Harney, Bill Yidumduma, 2010, [Wardaman Elder] (personal communication).
Johnson, Dianne, 1998, Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney.
McKenzie, Marvyn, 2010, [Adnyamathanha man] (personal communication).
Pring, Adele, 2002, Astronomy and Australian Indigenous People (draft), DETE, Adelaide.
Stanbridge, Wm. Edward, 1857, On the Astronomy and Mythology of the Aborigines of Victoria, Proceedings of the Philosophical Institute, Melbourne.
URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)