Comets, Meteors and Satellites
By Bill Bradfield
Some new comets have been discovered accidentally by amateur astronomers whilst making variable star or deep sky observations. Surprisingly a few bright comets displaying tails have been discovered with the naked eye by observant members of the general public (including for example farmers and in-flight airline pilots). However, the vast majority of visually discovered comets are found by comet hunters carrying out systematic telescope searches of selected areas of the night sky.
As the motion of all comets is directed around the Sun and because these bodies brighten as they move towards the Sun, there is a greater potential for the visual discovery of a new comet in the skies towards the Sun rather than away from the Sun's direction. This means that searches should be concentrated on the western sky after evening twilight and on the eastern sky before morning twilight.
From the astronomical viewpoint there is no particular time during the year which favours the discovery of new comets. A search can be undertaken at any time providing there is no bright Moon above the horizon.
Searches of the prime sky areas should be made twice a month, the first being early in the Moon free period and the second towards the end of that period. The first search is often rewarding because it could reveal a comet which could have been brightening substantially in a sky covered by bright moonlight. Furthermore, the first search could show a comet which has moved out from the Sun's direction. Some comets may normally never brighten sufficiently to be detected in small telescopes even when they are inside the Earth's orbit. However, if they undergo an outburst of brightness they could become easily seen. Thus, the twice-a-month search provides an increased chance to discover these outburst comets.
Studies undertaken by various investigators on the discovery circumstances of previously discovered comets show that more comets have been discovered in the morning sky than in the evening sky. Thus the prospective comet hunter should ensure that morning activity receives as much as if not more attention than evening effort.
In recent times, the application of advanced CCD technology to discover very faint near Earth orbit objects will in the future severely limit the opportunities for new comets to be found visually with small telescopes. A prime example of the new technique is the very successful LINEAR program operating in New Mexico, described in the magazine "Astronomy" April 1999, pages 60 to 61. However, until a similar system is based in the southern hemisphere there will continue to be opportunities for the visual discovery of new comets which come from the south.
William Bradfield was one of the most prolific comet hunters of the 20th Century, having been credited with the discovery of 18 comets visually between 1972 and 2004. William passed away on 9th June 2014.
Justin Tilbrook, one of our more experienced variable star observers, was not searching for comets. He just happened to be looking in the right direction at the right time, and was familiar with the starfield.
Justin was observing the dwarf nova TV Corvi on the evening of July 22nd (local time), when he noticed a nearby 10th magnitude blob about 60-70 arcseconds in diameter. Not having seen it before, he took note of its position (1997 Jul 22 10:20 UT 12h18m23s -18d59' (2000)) using the VSS RASNZ chart for TV Crv. A second look at 11:54 UT showed the blob had moved (12h18m25s -18d55'), so Justin began phoning other observers for verification.
As luck would have it, everyone locally was clouded out; but we were able to confirm that no known galaxies, nebulae or comets were in the vicinity. An e-mail was then sent to the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams.
IAU Circular 6705 announced the discovery on July 23. A preliminary orbit announced in IAUC 6707 showed the comet was close to perihelion at about 1.4AU from the Sun and a similar distance from the Earth. At the time of discovery the orbital plane was almost at 90d to our line of sight.
If the comet had been 3 months earlier, it would have been visible in 7x50 binoculars from the Earth.
Extrapolating the orbit backwards a few months helps explain why this comet wasn't found earlier. Although it has been over 60 degrees away from the Sun since March, it has spent most of the time cruising through Carina, Vela, and Centaurus - constellations with an abundance of stars, clusters, and nebulae.
Comet Tilbrook finally escaped the Milky Way in late June, but because it happened to be winter in the Southern Hemisphere the weather had been poor. In fact, the night of discovery was the first semi-clear night Justin had for two weeks.
Justin Tilbrook lives on a dark hillside in the Clare Valley district of South Australia. The Clare Valley is a bit of a magnet for visiting amateur astronomers; although it isn't clear if the attraction is the dark skies, the many excellent wineries, or both!
You can download a photograph of C/1997 O1 taken by Justin, using a 35mm camera with a 200mm zoom lens and 400ASA Fujicolor print film; on the evening of 1997 July 26 (10:45 UT). The camera was hand-guided for an exposure lasting 10 minutes, to capture this faint image of Comet Tilbrook. As can be seen from the included star chart, no known comets, galaxies, nebulae or other fuzzy-looking objects were nearby.
C/1997 O1 was Justin's first comet discovery. The majority of comets are found during deliberate searches by dedicated comet hunters - an activity Justin now pursues successfully. The first Comet Tilbrook (C/1997 O1) joins Comet Williams (C/1998 P1), Comet Kaho-Kozik-Lis (1936III) and Comet Jones (1946VI) as one of the rare and accidental discoveries of comets - by variable star observers - in a variable star's vicinity.
Tilbrook Strikes Again!
This time, Justin Tilbrook was actually comet hunting when he found a 10th magnitude arcminute-sized blob heading southwards; on the evening of 1999 January 12 (Jan 12.486UT). He found it at 23h38m -28.1d (2000), in a barren piece of sky on the Aquarius-Sculptor border.
Justin - armed with ephemerides of all visible comets - was sure it wasn't a known comet; and he could not recall seeing any uncharted galaxies (or similar fuzzies) during previous searches of this area. Two Australian astrometrists (Gordon Garradd and Frank Zoltowski) were then contacted to provide confirmation and precise positions. Then the observations were e-mailed to the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams for checking.
At this stage, it was still possible that this object was a very faint known comet (not in Justin's ephemerides) that had brightened dramatically - or that it had just been discovered and reported by someone else. Fortunately, Justin's anxious wait was ended on January 13 by IAU Circular 7084, announcing the discovery of C/1999 A1 (Comet Tilbrook).
The revised parabolic orbit from MPC 33651 is:
- T = 1999 Jan 29.5750 (the time of perihelion)
- q = 0.731240 AU (the perihelion distance, 109.4 million km)
- peri = 232.5353 degrees
- node = 259.0986 degrees
- i = 89.5607 degrees
Below is a composite of 3 unfiltered CCD images taken at Stockport Observatory, shortly before midnight (local time) on January 14. The observers were Jim Costello, Trish Ellin and Rob Purvinskis.
Although each exposure was only 15 seconds, they span about 5 minutes of time in total - so the comet image is slightly trailed. No tail was seen.
By Kym Thalassoudis
Below is a list of the 20 comets discovered from the state of South Australia.
| Comet | Hours | Sky | Date (UT) | Mag | R.A. | Dec. | Opt | Discoverer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1932 Y1 | E | Dec 15 | 10 | 23 07 | -27 | Dodwell | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1972 E1 | 260 | M | Mar 12.81 | 10 | 22 51.0 | -32 30 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1974 C1 | 306 | E | Feb 12.49 | 9 | 23 37.6 | -33 42 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1975 E1 | 145 | E | Mar 12.45 | 9 | 01 06.0 | -22 05 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1975 V2 | 106 | M | Nov 11.74 | 10 | 10 56.5 | -37 41 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1976 D1 | 57 | E | Feb 19.49 | 9 | 01 55.0 | -33 17 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1976 E1 | 9 | M | Mar 3.778 | 9 | 21 30.1 | -47 02 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1978 C1 | 360 | M | Feb 4.755 | 8 | 18 21.2 | -49 56 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1978 T3 | 75 | M | Oct 10.785 | 9 | 11 01.5 | -19 09 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1979 M1 | 98 | E | Jun 24.417 | 10 | 08 37.5 | -01 20 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1979 Y1 | 67 | M | Dec 24.753 | 5 | 16 19.0 | -35 20 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1980 Y1 | 113 | M | Dec 17.751 | 6 | 16 20.0 | -36 16 | C | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/1984 A1 | 384 | M | Jan 7.733 | 11 | 15 51.6 | -46 47 | B | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1987 P1 | 307 | E | Aug 11.437 | 10 | 14 10.5 | -23 21 | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| P/1989 A3 | 164 | E | Jan 6.514 | 12 | 21 09.5 | -56 23 | B | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1992 B1 | 129 | M | Jan 31.736 | 10 | 16 07* | -41 33* | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1992 J2 | 30 | M | May 3.806 | 10 | 00 23.1* | -15 41* | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1995 Q1 | 289 | E | Aug 17.410 | 6 | 11 00.6* | -14 08* | A | Bradfield | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1997 O1 | 0 | E | Jul 22.43 | 10 | 12 18.4* | -18 59* | E | Tilbrook | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/1999 A1 | 130 | E | Jan 12.49 | 10 | 23 38* | -28 12* | E | Tilbrook | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| C/2004 F4 | E | Mar 23.43 | 8 | A | Bradfield | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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